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HW-661 Research Process 51-75
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51. When you have ordinal data (such as class rank), which is the best measure of central
tendency to use?
a. range
b. mode
c. median
d. mean
52. The minimum or maximum value that one would expect the test statistic to yield if the null
hypothesis is true is an example of which of the following?
a. critical value
b. F value
c. t-test score
d. sampling mean
53. What can you conclude if the obtained value of a test statistic exceeds the critical value?
a. The null hypothesis cannot be rejected.
b. You made an error when calculating the test statistic.
c. The null hypothesis can be rejected.
d. Your obtained value is not statistically significant.
54. In order to determine the critical value, which two pieces of information are needed?
a. mean and sample size
b. degrees of freedom and level of significance
c. mean and standard deviation
d. degrees of freedom and variance
55. If Professor Columbo is interested in the general trend of research findings regarding infant
visual attention and childhood intelligence, what technique would be most amenable to his
inquiry?
a. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
b. Meta-analysis
c. Multiple Analysis of Variance (MANOVA)
d. Factor analysis
56. What is the standard metric used in most meta-analytic studies called?
a. standard deviation
b. effect size
c. sampling mean
d. standard error
57. Which of the following statements regarding statistical significance is FALSE?
a. The level of statistical significance and Type I error are the same thing.
b. Statistical significance is the degree of risk you are willing to take that you will reject
a null when it is actually true.
c. When your results are found to be statistically significant, you can conclude that they
will have a meaningful effect in the clinic.
d. The researcher can determine the level of statistical significance.
58. The first step for conducting a meta-analysis is ____________.
a. deciding on an appropriate statistical software package
b. developing a system to code the various dimensions of the study
c. collecting as many studies as possible (or at least a representative group)
d. determining the most appropriate type of descriptive or correlational technique to
examine the out comes of the studies as a whole
59. In a study, the correlation coefficient for W and X is -0.25. The correlation coefficient for X
and Y is 0.20. The coefficient of determination for X and Z is 0.16. The coefficient of
alienation for Y and Z is 0.90. Which pair of variables has the highest amount of variance
accounted for?
a. X and Y
b. X and Z
c. Y and Z
d. W and X
60. Which of the following statements is false?
a. A correlation of .8 may be interpreted as very strong.
b. The higher the correlation is, the larger the “jump” in explained variance.
c. A scattergram is a visual representation of a correlation between two variables.
d. The absolute value of the correlation coefficient is more important than the +
or – sign.
61. Survey research would be most appropriate for which of the following research questions?
a. the relationship between manual dexterity and typing speed
b. parents’ attitudes toward sex education in schools
c. the effectiveness of a weight management program for adolescents
d. the relationship between eye-hand coordination and number of tennis wins
62. If you square a correlation coefficient and subtract this number from 1.00, what is the
result?
a. the coefficient of alienation
b. the coefficient of determination
c. the amount of variance NOT explained by the variance in each variable
d. both a and c
63. Which of the following could be a potential problem in conducting survey research?
a. information is collected over a short period of time
b. producing accurate results
c. getting a broad picture of what is being studied
d. response rate
64. The coefficient of alienation describes the _____________.
a. neutral information (such as age, gender, number of children) about the survey
respondent
b. amount of variance that is accounted for in one variable by the other variable
c. most frequently used measure of relationships between variables
d. portion of unexplained variance between the tested variables
65. “At what age did you start smoking?” is an example of _____________.
a. a conventional question
b. an open-ended question
c. a structured question
d. interviewer bias subtly changing the response
66. The last step in conducting historical research is _______________.
a. interpreting the results
b. formulating a hypothesis
c. defining a topic or problem
d. gathering data
67. In what situation would the researcher be adjacent to the environment, but NOT actively
involved in the process being studied?
a. a focus group
b. participant observation
c. direct observation
d. an interview
68. Which is NOT a main function of focus groups?
a. generating insight into previously misunderstood topics
b. in-depth information gathering on one participant
c. understanding how group members arrive at their conclusions
d. encouraging group interaction
69. Which of the following is NOT characteristic of ethnographic research?
a. Ethnographers tend to examine the group or phenomenon as a whole rather than the
sum of its parts.
b. Ethnographers often use participant observation.
c. Ethnographers develop a research question prior to initiating their research methods
just as empiri cal researchers do.
d. Ethnography is typically very time-consuming.
70. Which of the following is an example of a secondary source?
a. a photograph
b. a newspaper story describing an event
c. a contract
d. tools
71. External criticism, as applied to historical data, is concerned with the ______________ of the
data.
a. carbon dating
b. accuracy
c. authenticity
d. ethnography
72. Which of the following is NOT a disadvantage of the case study method?
a. It only reflects one reality and that one may reflect researcher bias.
b. Generalizability of the findings is limited.
c. It cannot establish cause-and-effect links.
d. It provides a rich account of what is occurring.
73. In an experimental research study, which group does NOT receive treatment?
a. control group
b. experimental group
c. research group
d. participants groups
74. What is the proper order of the following designs if they are to be listed from the one with
the least amount of control over variables to the most?
a. pretest posttest control group, Solomon four-group, quasi-experimental, one-group
pretest posttest
b. one-group pretest posttest, quasi-experimental, pretest posttest control group,
Solomon four-group
c. one-group pretest posttest, pretest posttest control group, Solomon four-group,
quasi-experimental
d. quasi-experimental, one-group pretest posttest, pretest posttest control group,
Solomon four-group
75. True experimental designs are NOT characterized by ______________.
a. random selection from the population
b. random assignment to different groups
c. control groups
d. descriptive statistics
Answer will be sent by email as attachment.
tendency to use?
a. range
b. mode
c. median
d. mean
52. The minimum or maximum value that one would expect the test statistic to yield if the null
hypothesis is true is an example of which of the following?
a. critical value
b. F value
c. t-test score
d. sampling mean
53. What can you conclude if the obtained value of a test statistic exceeds the critical value?
a. The null hypothesis cannot be rejected.
b. You made an error when calculating the test statistic.
c. The null hypothesis can be rejected.
d. Your obtained value is not statistically significant.
54. In order to determine the critical value, which two pieces of information are needed?
a. mean and sample size
b. degrees of freedom and level of significance
c. mean and standard deviation
d. degrees of freedom and variance
55. If Professor Columbo is interested in the general trend of research findings regarding infant
visual attention and childhood intelligence, what technique would be most amenable to his
inquiry?
a. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
b. Meta-analysis
c. Multiple Analysis of Variance (MANOVA)
d. Factor analysis
56. What is the standard metric used in most meta-analytic studies called?
a. standard deviation
b. effect size
c. sampling mean
d. standard error
57. Which of the following statements regarding statistical significance is FALSE?
a. The level of statistical significance and Type I error are the same thing.
b. Statistical significance is the degree of risk you are willing to take that you will reject
a null when it is actually true.
c. When your results are found to be statistically significant, you can conclude that they
will have a meaningful effect in the clinic.
d. The researcher can determine the level of statistical significance.
58. The first step for conducting a meta-analysis is ____________.
a. deciding on an appropriate statistical software package
b. developing a system to code the various dimensions of the study
c. collecting as many studies as possible (or at least a representative group)
d. determining the most appropriate type of descriptive or correlational technique to
examine the out comes of the studies as a whole
59. In a study, the correlation coefficient for W and X is -0.25. The correlation coefficient for X
and Y is 0.20. The coefficient of determination for X and Z is 0.16. The coefficient of
alienation for Y and Z is 0.90. Which pair of variables has the highest amount of variance
accounted for?
a. X and Y
b. X and Z
c. Y and Z
d. W and X
60. Which of the following statements is false?
a. A correlation of .8 may be interpreted as very strong.
b. The higher the correlation is, the larger the “jump” in explained variance.
c. A scattergram is a visual representation of a correlation between two variables.
d. The absolute value of the correlation coefficient is more important than the +
or – sign.
61. Survey research would be most appropriate for which of the following research questions?
a. the relationship between manual dexterity and typing speed
b. parents’ attitudes toward sex education in schools
c. the effectiveness of a weight management program for adolescents
d. the relationship between eye-hand coordination and number of tennis wins
62. If you square a correlation coefficient and subtract this number from 1.00, what is the
result?
a. the coefficient of alienation
b. the coefficient of determination
c. the amount of variance NOT explained by the variance in each variable
d. both a and c
63. Which of the following could be a potential problem in conducting survey research?
a. information is collected over a short period of time
b. producing accurate results
c. getting a broad picture of what is being studied
d. response rate
64. The coefficient of alienation describes the _____________.
a. neutral information (such as age, gender, number of children) about the survey
respondent
b. amount of variance that is accounted for in one variable by the other variable
c. most frequently used measure of relationships between variables
d. portion of unexplained variance between the tested variables
65. “At what age did you start smoking?” is an example of _____________.
a. a conventional question
b. an open-ended question
c. a structured question
d. interviewer bias subtly changing the response
66. The last step in conducting historical research is _______________.
a. interpreting the results
b. formulating a hypothesis
c. defining a topic or problem
d. gathering data
67. In what situation would the researcher be adjacent to the environment, but NOT actively
involved in the process being studied?
a. a focus group
b. participant observation
c. direct observation
d. an interview
68. Which is NOT a main function of focus groups?
a. generating insight into previously misunderstood topics
b. in-depth information gathering on one participant
c. understanding how group members arrive at their conclusions
d. encouraging group interaction
69. Which of the following is NOT characteristic of ethnographic research?
a. Ethnographers tend to examine the group or phenomenon as a whole rather than the
sum of its parts.
b. Ethnographers often use participant observation.
c. Ethnographers develop a research question prior to initiating their research methods
just as empiri cal researchers do.
d. Ethnography is typically very time-consuming.
70. Which of the following is an example of a secondary source?
a. a photograph
b. a newspaper story describing an event
c. a contract
d. tools
71. External criticism, as applied to historical data, is concerned with the ______________ of the
data.
a. carbon dating
b. accuracy
c. authenticity
d. ethnography
72. Which of the following is NOT a disadvantage of the case study method?
a. It only reflects one reality and that one may reflect researcher bias.
b. Generalizability of the findings is limited.
c. It cannot establish cause-and-effect links.
d. It provides a rich account of what is occurring.
73. In an experimental research study, which group does NOT receive treatment?
a. control group
b. experimental group
c. research group
d. participants groups
74. What is the proper order of the following designs if they are to be listed from the one with
the least amount of control over variables to the most?
a. pretest posttest control group, Solomon four-group, quasi-experimental, one-group
pretest posttest
b. one-group pretest posttest, quasi-experimental, pretest posttest control group,
Solomon four-group
c. one-group pretest posttest, pretest posttest control group, Solomon four-group,
quasi-experimental
d. quasi-experimental, one-group pretest posttest, pretest posttest control group,
Solomon four-group
75. True experimental designs are NOT characterized by ______________.
a. random selection from the population
b. random assignment to different groups
c. control groups
d. descriptive statistics
Answer will be sent by email as attachment.
